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The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has gone through several key historical milestones:
Early Foundations (Pre-1950s)
- Ancient Mythologies & Automata: The idea of artificial beings with intelligence appears in mythology (e.g., Talos, a bronze automaton in Greek mythology) and in early mechanical automata (e.g., Al-Jazari’s programmable humanoid robots in the 12th century).
- Mathematical Foundations:
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (17th century): Early ideas of symbolic logic.
- George Boole (1854): Developed Boolean algebra, which later became fundamental for computing.
- Alan Turing (1936): Proposed the Turing machine, laying the theoretical groundwork for AI.
Birth of AI as a Field (1950s – 1960s)
- 1950: Alan Turing introduces the Turing Test in his paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence.
- 1956: The Dartmouth Conference, organized by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon, officially introduces the term “Artificial Intelligence” and launches AI as an academic discipline.
- 1958: John McCarthy develops LISP, the primary AI programming language for decades.
- 1965: Joseph Weizenbaum creates ELIZA, one of the first chatbots.
AI Boom and Expert Systems (1970s – 1980s)
- 1970s: Development of expert systems, such as DENDRAL (for chemical analysis) and MYCIN (for medical diagnosis).
- 1980: AI funding surges due to the success of expert systems.
- 1987: The AI Winter begins due to high expectations and slow progress.
Machine Learning and Neural Networks Resurgence (1990s – 2000s)
- 1997: IBM’s Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
- 1998: LeNet (Yann LeCun) advances convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for handwriting recognition.
- 2006: Geoffrey Hinton and others rekindle interest in deep learning.
Deep Learning and Modern AI Revolution (2010s – Present)
- 2012: AlexNet wins the ImageNet challenge, leading to a deep learning revolution.
- 2016: AlphaGo defeats Go champion Lee Sedol.
- 2020s: AI applications expand with transformer models (GPT, BERT, etc.), autonomous vehicles, robotics, and more.
